Essay about Parent and Teenager Relationships - 838 Words

Parent and Teenager Relationships As a child begins to enter adolescence, there appears to be a rise in conflict between the adolescent and parents. The amount of conflict differs from family to family and is dependent on many factors. It is mainly due to the changing characteristics and growing of the adolescent and the way in which the rest of the family adjusts to these changes. Adolescence is a time of challenge and change for both teens and parents. Teens are at a stage in life where they face a multitude of pressing decisions -- including those about friends, careers, sex, smoking, drinking, drugs and parental values. At the same time, they are confronted with profound physical, social and emotional changes. Myths of†¦show more content†¦The goal is to hurt, as the teen feels hurt by others. When the above situations occur, many parents (and teens as well) feel they are caught in a situation that is bad; it doesnt make any difference what you do, it still doesnt work. Parent and teen are further apart than ever, and both feel terrible. The reasons are many and complex. Often, parents today do not take enough time, working and playing with their children. They need to realize that the family is a complex emotional system, not a business organization. Parents must convey the message of caring, that you count, you are important. They must nurture, encourage, show firmness, love, guide, respect, facilitate, and let go. Disagreements arise between parents and teens, usually over a matter of control, and the power struggle over Whos in charge and Whos right begins. Conflict often arises when parent and teen disagree over whether or not the teen has acted responsibly enough in the past to make certain decisions more independently in the future. One reason that the struggle for control continues or heats up is because both parents and teens are human. Parents give up control and then take it back. Teens act responsibly one weekend, irresponsibly the next. There are few things more difficult about being a parent than trying to figure out how to give the teenage son or daughter freedom enough to learn responsibility,Show MoreRelatedShould Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without Parent Consent?1727 Words   |  7 PagesShould Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? KaTrina Bacon English 215 February 2, 2012 Dr.Sharonda Johnson Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? Of all the many controversies that have affected the United States in the past decades, birth control has been one of the more important topics. Some popular birth control methods are the female and male condoms, and the birth control pill. Even though both ofRead MoreCurfew Is Beneficial to Teenagers1234 Words   |  5 PagesCurfew is a set time which teenagers will have to schedule their activities around. Generally, this curfew doesn’t change and helps your teen to understand boundaries. It is a wonderful idea for teens to have curfews because it teaches them to be responsible and also considerate of other people around them. As teenagers, it is natural for adolescents to feel like their freedoms are being taken away and that their parents don’t know what is best. However, curfew is put in place for the direct oppositeRead Moreâ€Å"Don’t forget to take out the trash,† the mother tells her fourteen-year-old son. The son only1400 Words   |  6 Page sâ€Å"Don’t forget to take out the trash,† the mother tells her fourteen-year-old son. The son only scowls at her, revealing a face full of contempt. He turns away and struts back to his room to check his Twitter. This is a typical example of a teenager in rebellion. The adolescent years, the years in which one develops his or her own identity, are marked by confusion, acceptance, and rejection. Therefore, numerous people conclude that teenage rebellion is natural – something that is bound to occur. ButRead More Teen Romanance is Not Smart Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Romanance is Not Smart      Ã‚  Ã‚   Do teenagers today have their priorities in the correct order when it comes to dating?   More and more often, it does not seem they do.   Some teenagers these days spend too much time focusing on their romantic relationships instead of the things that should be more important.   Teenagers who are in serious relationships do not care as much about school, their families, or their jobs.   These teenagers seem to forget everything that should be importantRead MoreBirth Control : Who Controls?1159 Words   |  5 PagesBirth Control: Who Controls? â€Å"Should teenagers be allowed to get birth control without the permission of their parents?† Outline: -Thesis Statement- Teenagers should not be required to have permission from their parents to receive birth control. Religious Beliefs: -Sex before marriage -Encouraging the child to have sex -Against God’s will (IT’S A SIN) Communications with teens/parents -Wanting to know from a parent’s perspective -Asking the teen â€Å"why† -Social problems leading to crisis explosionRead MoreThe Responsibility that Comes with Modern Information and Communication Technolgy1321 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1973, Martin Cooper, senior development engineer of Motorola, invented the first handheld cell phone. This technological breakthrough made life super easy for businesspersons, government agencies, and parents to communicate and do business. College students, especially those in relationships, could now communicate with each other directly without disturbing another’s important call. Most scientific and technological breakthroughs had its good and bad side; however, the invention of smart phonesRead MoreAdolescence : A Transition From Adolescence1306 Words   |  6 Pagesage and sometimes extending from college graduation (Potter, Perry, 2015). Adolescence can be a period of both discovery and confusion. It is at this time that the adolescence is learning to think and act on their own with the help of his or her pa rents and trying to survive and prosper through his adolescence. The problem with this time is that the adolescence is learning how to act and is willing to try anything in order to find their place in society. In some instance, adolescents turn from theRead MoreEssay on The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank853 Words   |  4 PagesRelationships and Teenagers What makes Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl so touching is that Anne Frank was not any different from a typical teenager. Anne Frank has the common teenage debates with her parents, as well as the thoughts of being an self-regulating girl hoping to fall in love, just as most teenagers do today. Anne had relationship issues with her mother, other members of the household, and of course, boys. In our society today, teenagers experience these same issues as Anne hadRead MoreDon t Let It Eat You On The Inside1531 Words   |  7 Pageshurts, so you keep it all to yourself (PictureQuotes).† Many parents forget how difficult a teenagers life can be and if there is something hurting the teen on the inside that teen is going to think twice before saying anything to their parents because they feel like there parents just wouldn’t understand them. Many teens feel like keeping their emotions and depression on the inside will help but in reality they need that support of a pare nt to guide them and be able to have someone that unconditionallyRead MoreThe Love Of My Life1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhy are teenagers falling in love in their age? Is there a specific reason? Probably, there is not a definite reason. â€Å"The love of my life’’ is the one very knowledgeable article for early age relationship peers that represent a real social problem in modern society. Jeremy and china are main character that represent teenager’s role in this article. They have an immature love in each other because they have the physical relationship by looking movie and behavior from parents, however; they don’t

Changes In US Society After Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1211 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? America has compressed the probabilities and continued as a multiracial and multicultural, and become the most powerful nation in the world. Diversity is a treasure of this country and unity is the countrys strength. The United States of America has a long and brief history of its independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Changes In US Society After Civil War" essay for you Create order The economic development helped the country to become a leading nation in the world. Modern U.S society is the result of achievement from the Civil War and the laws and the amendments are the results of some hardiness the country had suffered in the past. In this paper, I will explain five major topics that we have covered in the class to describe how US society changed and how the lives of individual people were altered. 1.Reconstruction: The Reconstruction Era was the years after the Civil War. It was the era to rebuild the lesions that were imposed on the Nation. However, these years were very turbulent. President Lincoln was assassinated, and President Johnson was impeached. After the Civil War, President Lincoln came up with a plan to reinstate the Union back to how it was. This plan was very empathetic on the South and after his assassination, Johnson also followed this plan. One of the requirements for the Confederate states to come back to the Union was to endorse the Thirteenth Amendment, marking the end of slavery. Although free, Reconstruction did not do much about the racial inequality present. The voting rights for freedman was refused by Johnson, showing this inequality early on. At the end of Reconstruction, Southern states began to announce unfair laws, such as the Jim Crow Laws, that caged these now free men in the South. White supremacist groups, like the Ku Klux Klan, also formed to scare these free men into being controlled. President Lincoln was on the path of doing an excellent job with his Ten Percent Plan. Finally, the slaves were free but once they free there were rules put in place such as the Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws. They did this by killings and hangings of those that supported racial equality. This racial inequality was seen in segregation for almost a century until the civil rights movement began leading to racial equality. Today, The United States of America is a racial free country. Barack Obama became the first black president of the United States because of the American people turned their backs on a past of slavery and segregation and elected the first African-American to the US presidency. 2. Industrialization: The Industrial Revolution had finally started in the late 18th century leading to the early 19th century, in the US which permitted for the foundation of many different types of opportunities. While there were a few overall negative impacts on different categories of people such as immigrants, the rise in both wealth, technology, and job opportunities had increased for the common man. The invention of types of technology helped the factories to start producing smaller and replaceable parts for larger products and created both more jobs that helped to increase the value of certain things within society. The major influence in the industrial revolution was the usage of Lowell Mills which allowed for people of all ages, gender, and race to work which would increase the amount of wealth in each family household, and these jobs did come with negative impacts such as long hours, dangerous environments, and low pay but it eventually benefited the people of the U.S. Industrialization introdu ced to a New Society. The Industrial Revolution perceived the growth of large urban centers, such as Boston and New York City. Without industrialization modern, America would not flourish. 3. Progressivism: The United States faced several Issues after the industrialization era. The progressive movement emerged and brought many changes. They pushed many political reforms always looking to protect the wellness of the society. One of the ideals of the progressives was that they wanted democracy for a better America. The Progressive struggled against the corruption and manipulation from the big corporations and many politics. Progressive believed that the problems of the society had solutions and they wanted to improve the moral behavior of the people. They accomplished the goals by promoting reforms in the economy, politics, social wellness and moral. One of the reforms with morality was the prohibition of alcohol. This reform was supported by the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti- Saloon League. The Progressive obtained the victory over this reform in 1919 with the passage of the eighteen amendment, which prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. Between the 1890s and 1920s. The Progressive movement aimed at spreading many different types of new social and political ideas that included things such as a better work environment and basic human living conditions. President Roosevelt also set up workmans compensation, which is a payment that employers had to pay employees who get injured on the job. President Wilson helped the economy by establishing a Federal Reserve Bank. Modern America is still benefiting from the Progressivism. 4. Jazz Age: The 1920s was a decade of success with a great change in both socially and culturally. The increase of financial stability in the 1920s allowed many Americans to be able to spend more on entertainment such as movies and music. Entertainment and movies became a large part of American culture. New styles of music and dance helped to push social norm, especially for the young generation. A long-term rebellious action finally ended in the 1920s and the US acquired the Nineteenth Amendment in the Constitution and females achieved their rights to vote. The Jazz Era was noticeable less by relaxation and consumption than by creativity and motivation. The alteration from print-based broadcasting to electronic media began in the 1920s. The opposition between newspapers and radio was minimal, as the latter was not so far, an active news medium. In 1920s Radios were first promoted for household usage. The United States converted to a consumer society in the 1920s. Modern advertising acquired ori gin in the 1920s when advertising agencies started to take shape. The consumer of modern US society still depends on advertising that started in the Jazz Age. 5.New Deal: The New Deal programs enhanced the life of numerous people over providing works for the unemployed, lawful guard for labor unions and non-unionized industrial workers, existing salaries for the working poor, current services for rustic America, and price constancy for farmers. The New Deal changed the relationship between the government and the nation. The New Deal has constructed everywhere the belief that the federal and state government must interfere in and regulator the economy and reliably funding the people in need. Numeral social assistance plans that are today in the United States have a footprint of gift to the New Deal era. Unemployment insurance, old age pensions, support for the disabled, farm subsidies, support for children in the poorest families, subsidized public housing, all were the programs under the New Deal plans which were designed to support the needs of the over-all people with numerous entitlement necessities. The most prominent social aid program known as S ocial Security System was initially recognized by the New Deal legislation. Modern US society is enjoying the benefits from every reform that included in the New Deal.

Wired or Wireless What Should You Buy Essay - 548 Words

Listening to your favourite album or track, listening to a podcast about history or pop culture, listening to an audio book or audio magazine – some people prefer to do all these with a pair of headphones. Everywhere we go, we see people with headphones enjoying their own choice of sounds. These may be workers at the office from eight to five sharing cubicles or a row of seats, commuters on the train or bus, people walking home or having a short run at the park, or individuals enjoying a solitary moment at home. Headphones are a big part of people’s lives. Almost everyone has one pair of these, whether it’s Beats by Dre, Bose or Audio-Technica. For those who are yet to get a pair, there are many choices to be made: choosing between†¦show more content†¦This allows users to be mobile. Instead of being strapped to a chair or an area in a room with wired headphones, moveable wireless headphones allows the user to have more movement. A radio frequency headphone can transmit signals through walls, so listeners can go to another room and Bluetooth powered headphones can connect 30-100 feet and even to various devices. Users don’t have to majorly worry about the quality of the sound as wireless headphones have a decent sound quality. Most though just can’t compare with the highest quality wired headphone. Other downsides to the wireless headphones are: more expensive, the need to stock up on batteries, a delay in the audio, and possible interference from other signals the headphone is running on. Making the Right Choice In choosing between a wired and wireless headphones, it all boils down to purpose of usage and preference. Ask yourself these questions: †¢ What is your main priority? Having headphones that produce the best quality audio or one that can give you more movement? †¢ Where will you mostly use it? At the home and office where you just sit for a long period of time? Or will you be bringing it outdoors, while you do walks or strolls at the park? †¢ What can you not go without – pesky wires or the best sound quality? In knowing the answers to these questions, you’ll know which type of headphones to buy. Here at Funk Ear we have a wide array of headphones thatShow MoreRelatedWireless Networks Are Becoming A Better Choice1484 Words   |  6 Pagesreliable. Wireless technology is going to be really important to have. It is already important in both the home and office sense. Wireless networks are already starting to replace Wired Networks. Nobody wants to have cables in their homes and offices anymore. The reason is simple and to the point: there isn’t a point to having long cables laying on the floor or having to make holes to push the cables in walls and through walls. The things that individuals and companies need to know is that Wireless NetworksRead MoreSales Promotion Techniques for Laptop Computers1314 Words   |  6 Pages[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Top of Form [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Search Bottom of Form [pic] Wireless / Networking 1. [pic]Home 2. Computing Technology 3. Wireless / Networking †¢ [pic]Email †¢ [pic]Print †¢ Wireless / Networking †¢ Fundamentals †¢ Get Connected †¢ Use and Upgrade [pic] †¢ [pic] Top of Form Free Wireless / Networking Newsletter![pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Sign Up Bottom of Form †¢ Discuss inRead MoreNetworking: What are the A and N Stands for when it comes to a Router800 Words   |  3 PagesWHAT IS THE DIFFERENTS IN LETTERS A-N You go to Wal-Mart, Radio Shack, Office Max, Fry’s, or any of the 100’s of places that sell wireless routers and you are wanting to buy the best router for you, however you are at a crossroad. You now find that there are three types of wireless routers B, G, and N, but what one is the right one for you? Don’t know what is the difference, is it out of date, and is there an option for just reading email and basic internet information. Oh you play gamesRead More Research Paper3085 Words   |  13 Pages Wireless Fidelity nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the last few years the world has undergone a tremendous and unprecedented technological change with the attack of the Information Technology revolution. Earlier it was e-mail that changed the way people communicate, and then online shopping became the order of the day, gradually online banking caught up and the list goes on and on. The new trend, Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows you to connect to the Internet from your couch at home, a bed inRead MoreComputers, Wifi And Tablets1718 Words   |  7 Pagesdownside is that sometimes students will stumble across unreliable information online. Computers also save time in many ways. Not only can computers access millions of pages of information on the Internet, but they can do this in an incredibly fast time. What once might have taken hours of library research might now only take a few minutes on the computer. In addition to the Internet, tools such as word processors, presentation software, and spreadsheets have added efficiency. They eliminate much of theRead MoreMobile Commerce : Issues Of M Commerce981 Words   |  4 PagesMobile Commerce: Issues in M-Commerce Khadeidra Linder Valdosta State University Mobile Commerce: Issues in M-Commerce Mobile commerce is described to be the buying and selling of goods and services through a mobile device or other handheld wireless device. Mobile commerce is rapidly growing daily. The fact that it is growing brings up many issues for Mobile Commerce. Before I begin the actual detailed information I would like to discuss some history on mobile commerce. M-commerce was reportedlyRead MoreEssay about Wireless Network Security – How Secure Is It?6131 Words   |  25 PagesWIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY – HOW SECURE IS IT? by Chris Bradley ITT Technical Institute Information Systems Security student November 23, 2010 Dr. French: This report on â€Å"Wireless Network Security† is submitted in accordance with your assignment for November 23, 2010. Sincerely, Chris Bradley ABSTRACT For this project, I asked the question â€Å"is wireless network protection truly safe?† My literature search led me to conclude that, if consumers use the most up-to-dateRead MoreThe Wlan4915 Words   |  20 PagesA wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers without using wires. It is the same as LAN, but has a wireless interface. WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum technology based on radio waves to enable communication between devices in a limited area, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network. Wireless Local Area networks (WLANs) have been employedRead MoreStep-by-Step Guide on How to Browse the Internet Free with Any Decoder Satellite Internet Connection with a Decoder2152 Words   |  9 PagesSTEP-BY-STEP GUIDE ON HOW TO BROWSE THE INTERNET FREE WITH ANY DECODER SATELLITE INTERNET CONNECTION WITH A DECODER This step by step Manual will give you detailed guideline on how to connect to the internet with your decoders, either HITV,DSTV,MYTV etc. you must take note that all relevant equipments for this setup must be available before doing the configuration. Introduction Communication between computers is a major part of the PC computing Industry. Thanks to the World Wide Web (www), no computerRead MoreInformation From The Sales Sub System1269 Words   |  6 Pagescan request Purchase Reports from the suppliers and Delivery Reports to understand the inventory received compared to the actual inventory delivered. This will allow managers to identify the current trends of the market and understand what customers would want to buy into the future. In order to assess the product’s reliability managers can request a refund and/or dump report from the system. As Clarky’s refund policy is only as per the Consumer Law, therefore, refunds can only be given for a fault

Essay Violence in Video Games - 1792 Words

Video game violence has been a controversial subject for many years. Even the most simple, classic video games have had this topic pop up, dating back to the 1980’s, games like Space Invaders, Pac-Man, and Donkey Kong. But more especially in modern video games, such as the Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto series. Many investigations attempt to analyze the idea that video games are making people more prone to violence, and even point to violence related events, some of said research information may be faulty. Within these investigations there will be evidence and proof for both parties and analyzing if they may or may not be valid, and considering the people behind the statistics and their claims. Most people that live in somewhat†¦show more content†¦A good explanation of that comes from Marc Prensky: â€Å"The most explicit kind of learning in video and computer games is how to do something. As you play you learn, gradually or quickly, the moves of the game-h ow various characters, pieces, or anything else operate and what you can make them do.†(Prensky 20) He also has another article that explains exactly what is gained from these types of activities, stated here: â€Å"At the second level, players learn what to do in any particular game (and, equally important, what not to do).†(Prensky 21). So with that information, just because a game isn’t made for learning, doesn’t mean that said person cannot learn from said game. Many people also claim that video games cause people to become dumb and cause children to have poor grades in school. Some may say that belongs to the responsibility of the person playing the game or the parents of the child, limiting their play time and making time for them to study instead of playing video games. Video games also tend to generate a massive amount of revenue. A large part of the revenue has violence contained in those products. Ranging from cartoon violence to hyper rea listic violence, it is still contained and still marked as such. â€Å"97% of 12-17 year olds in the US played video games in 2008, thus fueling an $11.7 billion domesticShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence2765 Words   |  12 Pageschildren who play video games for many hours daily. Addiction controls life of people, there is addiction to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol or gambling, and there are some forms of addiction associated with modern life, such as Internet and video games. Most people think that video games are harmful and waste of time. As a result, the main question of the research is how video games can influence on children and many minor questions come to mind about video games: Do video games influence a child’sRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Increased Violence Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of video games is to entertain people by surprising them with new experiences.† (Shigeru Miyamoto) Shigeru Miyamoto is the creator of some of gaming’s most iconic video game characters, Mario Jumpman Mario, Link and Donkey Kong; while also, serving as co-Representative Director of the game company, Nintendo and is highly respected. Miyamoto, based on the quote provided, feels that video games are meant to entertain people and nothing more. However, many people feel as though video games only causeRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Video Game Violence The evolution of video games has taken a drastic change since the 1970’s when video games were first introduced. Since then every decade video games have become more violent in nature with strong language and realistic to suit society today. Craig Anderson states that with more violence in video games they would sell better than games with less violence (Anderson, Gentile, and Beckley pg.5). Violent video games really became popular when the first person shooter games wereRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Video Games892 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Game Violence On December 14, 2012, a twenty year old boy named Adam Lanza shot twenty children and six staff at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Before arriving to the school, he shot his mother then committed suicide after the shooting. The reports say that he was influenced to shooting others by the video game â€Å"Call of Duty†. Video game violence is defined as a behavior including physical violence intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something impacted by videoRead MoreVideo Games : Violence And Violence1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of violence in these media products has been a highly-debated issue for the past few decades. Recently it has become extremely popular in the subject of violence in video games. It is rumored that games such as â€Å"Call of Duty, Mortal Kombat, Battlefield, Halo and many more have been the culprit behind a recent spike in childhood aggression. Many people have their own views on the subject, but it has been most com monly deduced that aggression is caused by the games, but violence does not alwaysRead MoreVideo Games and Violence942 Words   |  4 Pages Video Games and Violence Awe entering in more advanced society of technology, video games has become a popular source of entertainment among us. Almost all of us has rented or owned a video game and we have spent hours playing it. As we all know, video games have become the second most popular form of entertainment after television; the source of entertainment is proven to be violent. Excessive playing of video games has a huge impact on our life as well asRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1011 Words   |  4 Pagesare probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. Some people seem to believe that violence correlates directly with video games. Video games are something that is usually a big interest in people at the ages of 13 to 19 years old. Video games usually start off as a little fun and then turn into a major hobby for some people. Emotions change based on whatever happens while a person is engaging in these games most of the time. These games are another way to observe how p eopleRead MoreVideo Games Violence664 Words   |  3 PagesUNV - 104 August 11, 2013 Video Games and Violence Video games and violence have different effects on children according to the type of video games that is being watched It is important to understand the world of video games. All video games do not prevent violence in children. Parents should take into consideration in monitoring their child while choosing video games. Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreViolence in Video Games770 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article from Thom Gillespie states that Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is the latest video game to be known of demeaning our society’s youth in the U.S. He states though however, video games such as GTA are â€Å"art† and deserve protection. Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom G illespie is a professor

Chapters 1

Chapters 1-4 Essay Test 1 Chapters 1 4 Question 1 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is the primary objective of demarketing? Selected Answer: Correct To dampen demand for products, especially those that create unwanted costs for society Response Demarketing is used to dampen demand for products, especially those that Feedback: create unwanted costs for society. This public service message uses the metaphor of a fish hook to convey the dangerous addictive qualities of alcohol. Question 2 Which of the following is a basic function of branding? Selected Answer: To identify products and differentiate them from others Correct Answer: Response Feedback: Question 3 The most basic function of branding as well as advertising is to identify products and tnelr source ana to OITTerentlate tnem Trom otners Which of the following significantly contributed and eventually led to the declines in music sales in the recording industry in the postindustrial age? Selected Answer: File-sharing technologies Response Digital technology has had a huge impact. The recording industry Feedback: experienced declines in music sales as a result of file-sharing technologies. Question 4 Recently, an automobile company manufacturing racing cars and a reputed fashion ouse teamed up to design and market sports blazers. Ten dollars from the sale of each blazer was donated to a cancer foundation. By contributing to the foundation, the automobile company is: behaving in a socially responsible fashion. Response Together, ethics and social responsibility can be seen as the obligation of Feedback: advertisers, to society, even when there is no legal obligation. Most advertisers today strive to maintain ethical standards and practice socially responsible advertising. Question 5 O out of 2 points The protects all copyrighted material, including advertising, in the United States. s. Patent o Library of Congress Response The Library of Congress protects all copyrighted material, including Feedback: advertising, in the United States. A copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. Question 6 refers to doing what society views as best for the welfare of people in general or for a specific community of people. Social responsibility Question 7 Social responsibility means doing what society views as best for the welfare of people n general or for a specific community of people. An ad for a beer company that asks consumers to enjoy beer in moderation and not drink irresponsibly is most likely using demarketing aemarKetln g Demarketing is a type of marketing used to slow the demand for products, especially those that create unwanted costs for society. Question 8 A firms marketing activities are always aimed at a particular segment of the population called the target market population†its target market. Question 9 Some advertisers ask for or imply that they want to see what the ad agency will do efore they sign on. In such cases, the ad agencies must create a: Selected Answer: speculative presentation. Response Some advertisers ask for or imply that they want a speculative presentation, Feedback: meaning they want to see what the agency will do before they sign on. Questlon 1 is the structured and composed nonpersonal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products by identified sponsors through various media. Advertising Response Advertising is the structured and composed nonpersonal communication f Feedback: information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products (goods, services, and ideas) by identified sponsors through various media. Question 1 1 Which of the following is an example of product differentiation? Selected Answer: A manufacturer of cosmetics trying to portray that its brands are not only different from its competitors but also superior in terms of quality and variety A manufacturer of cosmetics trying to portray that its brands are not only different from its competitors but also superior in terms of quality and variety Response By following the strategy of product differentiation, manufacturers seek to Feedback: portray their brands as different from and better than the competition by offering consumers quality, variety, and convenience. .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .postImageUrl , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:hover , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:visited , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:active { border:0!important; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:active , .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub926a5bcaf31993fe807cb154ea8183e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Southern Voting Behavior EssayQuestion 12 is formed by talented artists who work for advertisers and occasionally A(n) subcontract to advertising agencies. Their mission is to develop exciting creative concepts ana to pr oauce Tresn, Olstlnctlve aavertlslng messages e ec ea Answer: creative boutique Response Some talented artists†such as graphic designers and copywriters† set up Feedback: their own creative services, or creative boutiques. They work for advertisers and occasionally subcontract to ad agencies. Their mission is to develop exciting creative concepts and produce fresh, distinctive advertising messages. Question 13 When the city of Pensacola in Florida uses the slogan, the best seafront vacation in the Americas to promote tourism in the area, it is using . Selected Answer: puffery Puffery refers to exaggerated, subjective claims that cant be proven true or false. Question 14 An ad promoting a companys mission or philosophy is called nonproduct advertising DacK: 10 sell Question 15 Ideas, organlzatlons use nonproduct aavertlslng As a cost of doing business, advertising is paid for by the retailers consumers consumer. Question 16 Some products are publicized using in quality to higher priced brands. price advertising in which an ad claims the product is equal Response Some products are publicized using price advertising, in which an ad claims Feedback: the product is equal in quality to higher priced brands. Other goods and services, which do not attempt to compete on price, emphasize product quality. Question 17 Of all the business functions, s the only one whose primary role is to bring in revenue. marketing Of all the business functions, marketing is the only one whose primary role is to bring in revenue. Question 18 As of January 2012, a super market chain operates 142 supermarkets in the metropolitan areas of New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia. The chain advertises only in states where it has stores. This form of advertising is known as: Selected regional advertising. Regional advertisers operate in one part of the country and market exclusively within that region. Question 19 in one or several states What is the greatest disadvantage associated with in-house ad agencies? Selected Loss of objectivity correct Answer: Response Feedback: The biggest problem for in-house agencies is loss of objectivity. Question 20 In 2002, a Swedish home electrical appliance manufacturer decided to use the same advertising message wherever it advertised around the world. In other words, the company decided to use global advertising Global marketers may use global advertising, in which messages are consistent in ads placed around the world. Question 21 In the context of advertising, market segmentation is the process of: Selected earching for unique groups of people whose needs could be addressed through more specialized products. Response In the context of advertising, market segmentation is the process of Feedback: searching for unique groups of people whose needs could be addressed through more specialized products. Question 22 The FTC defines as any ad that contains a misrepresentation, omission, or other practice that can mislead a significant number of reasonable consumers to their detriment. deceptive advertising Response The FTC defines deceptive advertising as any ad that contains a Feedback: isrepresentation, omission, or other practice that can mislead a significant number of reasonable consumers to their detriment. Question 23 A feature that differentiates a coffee-maker from other similar products in the market is its trademark unique selling proposition Response Rosser Reeves of the Ted Bates Agency introduced the idea that every ad Feedback: must point out the products USP (unique selling proposition)†features that differentiate it from competitive products. The USP was a logical extension of the Lasker and Hopkins reason why credo. Question 24

Death Theme free essay sample

This paper compares and contrasts the how the theme of death is portrayed in Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilych and Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis. This paper discusses how two very different authors, Leo Tolstoy and Franz Kafka deal with the topic of death in two of their novels, The Death of Ivan Ilych and The Metamorphosis, respectively. The two stories in this essay deal with death both metaphorically and realistically. According to this author, both of the main characters undergo a personal transformation once they are told that they are going to die. Even though one is poor and the other is surrounded with luxury and servants, their transformations are similar. Using the different metaphor from each of the stories to help the reader understand what Ivan and Gregor, the men are faced with when faced with their untimely demises are feeling and how they would have changed their lives if they had been able to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Theme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout history, death has remained for humans the mystery to which we are left to our own imaginations. Death has always been a common theme in literature, whether novels, short stories, poetry, or prose. Authors have approached this subject in their writings in a myriad of ways. Some have glorified death, others have demonized it as Gods curse to mankind. Still others have dealt with death metaphorically, while others have portrayed death is a very realistic fashion. Human fascination with death is based simply on our curiosity of the unknown. It is also rooted, however, in the fact that death causes such a array of emotions, for the person dying as well as those whose lives have been touched or effected in some way by the death. Death conjures emotions ranging from one end of the scale to the other.

Analysis the Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson free essay sample

Hutchinson house and sacked the inure place, stealing around boss In cash, and breaking/ stealing a total of around absorbs sterling. The wide spread feeling in America was that Thomas Hutchinson had betrayed his beloved country for selfish reasons. It was hard to imagine a man like Hutchinson to betray his country with a background like his own. His family generally helped to found New England, and they prospered with its growth. Thomas Hutchinson was born in Boston In 1711.His father was Colonel Thomas Hutchinson, and he served on the provincial Council for over twenty years. The future governor, Thomas Hutchinson, entered Harvard university at the age of twelve. Throughout his college days he formed a fund which with the addition of several accumulations, turned out to become a fortune. At the age of twenty-six, Thomas had begun to enter into a life of politics. He was a representative of Boston to the Massachusetts House from 1737-1749 (with the exception of a single year), and councilor for the succeeding seventeen years. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: the Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1740 Hutchinson had gravitated to Governor Bluchers successor, the ambitious and well-connected English lawyer William Shirley. For almost two decades after, Hutchinson had remained a leader of Shirley political coalition. In 1757, Hutchinson was elevated to the lieutenant governorship. When Stephan Seawall, holder of the chief justices, had died, the best men in the government proposed Hutchinson for the vacancy. Thomas Hutchinson was surprised he got the Job, yet he felt he was not ready or capable of overtaking Seawalls position.In 1765 the Stamp Act was issued. Thomas Hutchinson had strongly disapproved of the Stamp Act and he said this due to his four forceful arguments against this UN-ruling taxes. When the Massachusetts legislature created a draft to send to Parliament protesting the act, Thomas Hutchinson rejected the draft. This was looked at as a way to try and keep the act in place and not revolt against this awful tax on the colonists of the 13 Colonies. By the summer of 1765, when the Stamp Act was passed and already after the date of its legal inception,Thomas Hutchinson long career was being suspiciously viewed as an anti-American. On August 14, crowds surrounded Hutchinson mansion demanding answers. Hutchinson was not obligated to answer any of these questions, and during the outrage, a townsman convinced the crowd that Thomas was very unlikely to have deliberately hurt any of them or his country. Twelve days after this, the most barbarous outrage that was ever committed in America to date occurred to Hutchinson, his family, and his property! Analysis: the Ordeal of Thomas HutchinsonBy crisscrossed house and sacked the entire place, stealing around boss in cash, and breaking/ its growth. Thomas Hutchinson was born in Boston in 1711. His father was Colonel The future governor, Thomas Hutchinson, entered Harvard University at the age of Shirley political coalition. In 1757, Hutchinson was elevated to the lieutenant governorship. When Stephan Seawall, holder of the chief Justices, had died, the arguments against this UN-ruling taxes.

The Effect of WWII on the Visual Arts. Essay Example For Students

The Effect of WWII on the Visual Arts. Essay The global trauma of World War II, particularly the events that took place at Auschwitz and Hiroshima, caused dramatic changes in the visual arts. New ideas and criticisms of culture and society had come about, and artists were responding-consciously and unconsciously-to the war. New ideas about the arts had emerged shortly after the war. The long-standing notion that the arts make society more civilized and raise people above their instincts of fear and violence was proven untrue. Consequently, arts very right to exist came into question. In 1949, Theodore Adorn stated in his essay, Cultural Criticism and Society, that to go on writing poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric. He argued that new rules and conventions for art must be found and the old ones must be abandoned. One major attempt in creating these new rules and conventions is when arts main concern shifted from object-making to permittivity. Jackson Pollock was among the first to make this transition, With his all-over drip paintings of the late sass, he had successfully liberated painting into becoming a kind to performance. His process has been described as a kind of dance with the canvas ND paint. We will write a custom essay on The Effect of WWII on the Visual Arts. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When examined closely, the viewer can trace the first marks made to the very last ones. In response to the controversy surrounding his method of painting, Pollock stated that New needs need new techniques The modern painter cannot express this age, the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio, in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture. His mention of the atom bomb proves that Pollocks method Vass a kind of response to the trauma of WI. An artist as equally formative as Pollock was Lucia Fontana. In works such as Concerto Specials, Fontana attacks the surface Of the canvas, thereby focusing the viewers attention on art-making as an action. This could also be seen as a literal attack on the medium Of painting. In the Manifesto Blanch, Fontana stated that We live in the mechanical age. Painted canvas and upright plaster no longer have a reason to exist. This was a proclamation of his goal to create spatial art, art that is more engaged with technology. Similar to Fondants attacks on the canvas, Shoo Shampoo would repeatedly puncture the painting surfaces of his works. He also experimented with smashing bottles filled with paint onto the canvas. Shampoo was a member of the Guitar Art Association, a group founded in Osaka, Japan which explored new areas of permittivity and innovated the proto-happening, These early formative artists were not consciously addressing the trauma of the war in their art, but this shift to permittivity suggests an unconscious response to it, In contrast, other artists oeuvre responding very consciously to vatu had happened during the war. The Nouveau Releases in France were the first to do this. Artists that belonged to this group included Raman, Yves Klein, Daniel Spoiler, Joseph Obeys, and Jean Tingles. These artists stayed within the Bourgeois paradigm Of art, but their art was clearly a conscious response to Auschwitz and Hiroshima, since many of the titles of their artwork make direct references to these events. Yves Klein, for example, named one Of his monochrome Sibs Hiroshima, a negative anthropometric painting showing dead bodies after the nuclear attack. Raman did many pieces that dealt with Auschwitz by showing negative presentations of Nazi victims through accumulations of heir belongings. In the early sixties, Raman became more formative with his combustion pieces, probably an influence from the Happening which started taking place in New York around 1959. The happening brought about one of the most important changes when the audience was made to play a major role in the outcome of the piece. .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .postImageUrl , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:hover , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:visited , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:active { border:0!important; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:active , .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f93169c6ebc1876a6eb84cecb32597c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evil Emperors EssayA much more significant movement than the Happening, however, was Fluxes, an international movement consisting of many different kinds of artists from many different ethnicities. It is practically impossible to combine all Fluxes artists into a single group, since their art ranges from anti-expressionist to hyper-expressionist, political to not political at all. Whereas Happenings were unconscious of their politics, some Fluxes artist created highly political art. Those in favor of anti-expressionism veer following the example of John Cage, while another tendency, inspired by the Living Theater, created highly expressive art. The struggle with World War II was fully conscious with the Living Theater, which, like the Happening, would involve audience participation. Fluxes was the alternative to Pop art, Which was taking place at the same time. Though both consciously addressed the war, Pop art sometimes seemed to glorify-or bring attention to-the American way of life after the war, as in James Restitutions F-111. His most famous antiwar painting, F-111 combines images of a fighter plane, a nuclear bomb, and a little girl sitting under a hair dryer. Such art can be seen as a reflection of the Wests collective response to Auschwitz and Hiroshima; they denied that it had to do with capitalism, did not agree with the idea of Instrumental Reason, and were, on the whole, optimistic, still enjoying life after the war. In conclusion, following the tragedy of World War II, art has never been the same. Artists realized that they could no longer continue making art in the same way that they did before the war, acting as if nothing had happened. Permittivity and politicized art were perhaps the most significant of these changes, Whether unconscious or conscious, formative or not, responses to the horrific events of Auschwitz and Hiroshima can be seen in many postwar art, and the trauma of these two events can be seen even in the art of today.

Marxism as a Sociological Theory

The ecology of Karachi

The ecology of Karachi Introduction Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan. It is the main financial center and also the largest seaport in the country. The city has an estimated population of about 15 million people which makes it one of the world’s major cities in the world in terms of population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The ecology of Karachi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Karachi harbors numerous industrial and economic activities. Thus, it forms the center for banking and industry in Pakistan. The major corporations present in this city are automobile industry, textile, shipping and medical research. This paper discusses how the emergence and development of this city has impacted the environment and the ecosystem throughout the years. Ecology of the city Karachi is a city built at the cost of the Indian Ocean. This means that the city has major interactions between the human population, the fauna and flora, and the e nvironment of the city. The Karachi coast has a diversity of flora such as green sea weed that grows at the rocky shores (Ghani para. 4). These weeds are a source of food and shelter for the epifauna of the coast. Karachi’s industries cause a great impact on the environment. The industries discharge their industrial effluents to the coastal areas. These cause the coastal area of Karachi to be badly affected by the industrial and untreated sewage at the harbor. A survey done on the sea water of Karachi harbor reveals that the industrial effluent and untreated sewerage causes eutrophication of the sea water. This means that the eutrophication that causes growth of microorganisms such as bacterial has a detrimental effect on other sea dwelling organisms. The effluent is usually carried along to the Karachi harbor through the Lyari River. Since the tides of the Karachi harbor are semi diurnal type, the effluent is not completely flushed out. This means that there is a poor circul ation condition that causes hydrogen sulfide to be produced. The hydrogen sulfide is known to cause stress on the marine organisms (Saleem 1). In addition, poor development of infrastructure is believed to increase the impervious surface area of the city. This causes flash floods and run-off that may increase erosion and non-point pollutants if the water is not channeled properly. It is also important to note that impervious ground reduces the rate of groundwater recharge (URC 3). Other pollution sources include the release of green house gases by the Karachi industries. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are produced by these industries thereby contributing to global warming. The increased number of motor vehicle usage causes excessive release of carbon monoxide which is harmful if inhaled by humans (Kumar and Chaturvedi 172).Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effects of the growth of this city are more disadvantageous especially if not checked. Thus, the increased in the demand for housing in Karachi also creates a poor environment that the people are exposed to live in. It is worth noting that the city is trying to tackle these environmental problems through various programs that involve industrial and solid waste management. Solid wastes generated by the city are managed by way of recycling. The informal sector is involved in performing the functions of waste management. The waste management program has helped reduce the negative impacts of waste on the environment such as diseases and eutrophication. Conclusion Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan. It is the main financial center and also the largest seaport in Pakistan. Karachi harbors numerous industrial and economic activities. Karachi’s industries cause a great impact on the environment. The industries discharge their industrial effluents to the coastal areas causing eutrophication. O ther pollution sources include the release of green house gases by the Karachi industries. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are produced by these industries thereby contributing to global warming. Karachi city is trying to deal with ecological and environmental problems mainly by way of waste management. Ghani, Naseem. Diversity of Green Sea Weed Fauna of Karachi Coast. N.d. 19 April, 2011 https://library.kau.edu.sa/Files/320/Researches/34655_Pages%20from%206-9.pdf Kumar, Nagesh Chaturvedi, Sachin. Environmental Requirements and Market Access: Reflection from South Asia. Academic Foundations, New Delhi. 2007. Print. Saleem, Monawwar. Study of Heavy Metal Pollution Level and Impact on the Fauna and Flora of the Karachi and Gwadar Coast. National institute of oceanography. Project number 50022801. (2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The ecology of Karachi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More URC. Land Use Trends fr om Karachi Strategic Development 2020. N. d. Web.

Assessing the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essays

Assessing the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essays Assessing the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essay Assessing the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essay Department of industrial relations and public administration Lagos state university, Ojo, Nigeria.. Abstract The regime of banking sector reforms leading to recapitalization and consolidation in Nigeria and the consequent merger and or acquisition of existing banks into twenty five (25) by 2005, and later eighteen (18) by 2012 brought along their trails attendant labor problems in terms of educational diversity, job security and productivity, decent employment questions.The study review post consolidation performance of the banking sector to assess the extent to which the sector meets consolidation objective using post development approach. It was found that while the alliance and marriage of seemingly compatible partners are settling down, the society is at the receiving end of the severance of labor and the enlargement of the pool of reserved army of the unemployed. The fall-out therefore is double-edge for the economy and the society. Keywords: Labor reforms, recapitalization, con solidation and post development 1. 0Introduction Private and public businesses are continually being challenged by performance. Performance success is very minimal measured on the indices of what Alos (2006) catalogued as: what the customer needs and values, response to environmental changes and impact on the quality of the people. The issue of performance effectiveness or reengineering organisation has preoccupied the minds of organization practitioners, researchers and watchers since 1990s. Therefore, all over the world, many economies had carried out various reforms to ensure effectiveness of the 166 European Scientific JournalMay edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 real sectors. The performance revolution started in the private sector. Its effects spread to the public sector influenced by ideas from public management school. Nigeria as a nation is not left out in this reform revolution to ensure quality of life for its citizenry. Legal and i nstitutional frameworks were put in place to re-engineer the economy and the performance values of the real sectors. The blue print of the current reforms agenda is set out in the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) document.Some of the reforms include (1)power sector reform; (2) ports reforms meant to ensure timely clearing of goods within forty eight hours (3) deregulation of oil and gas sub-sector to forestall perennial fuel scarcity; (4) deregulation in the telecommunication industry to reduce government participation, create employment and commerce (5) the banking sub-sector /recapitalization/consolidation to make it play its rightful role as the dominant sector of the economy in driving growth and development in other sector. The current banking sector reforms captioned as recapitalization policy was issued out on Tuesday July 6, 2004.Capitalization is setting the capital base upon which a player can set up and be licensed to operate banking function s. It is setting a capital base which was given as twenty five billion naira (N25b) as at 2005. The former capital base was two billion Naira (N2b), which many banks could not even afford. In Nigeria, empirical studies had been carried out on the relationship between banking reforms and economic growth (Balogun, 2007, Fadare, 2010); consolidation and macro economic performance (see Somoye, 2008); consolidation and adoption of e-banking (Ayo, Adewoye and Oni 2010; Chimeke, Evwiekpaefe, and Chete, 2006).The implication of banking reforms on labor has scarcely been researched. The main objective of this study is to review the banking sector reforms 2004 – 2011 and the extent to which the objectives set are met and also, the implication of the reforms on labor as regards employment: security, decent employment, employees’ satisfaction and the outcomes of these variables for the society. 2. 0 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework Consolidation simply means to build on or improve to the extent of stability Adeyemi (2007) considers it to represent the idea of investment and the coming together of firms or enterprises as a single entity.In the banking sector of Nigeria the essence of banking consolidation 167 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 is to reposition the nations banking industry for global competitiveness and also to ensure a strong and reliable banking sector that will guarantee the safety of the depositors’ money. Consolidation as a means of reducing over capacity is doubtful (Somoye 2008).The effectiveness of banking sector consolidation as a remedy for financial stability and in correcting the defects in the financial sector for sustainable development had not been corroborated by similar exercise in Europe, America and Asia in the last decade (Somoye, 2008). Rather, crises and failures as depicted by credit crises and transatlantic mortgage financial turmoi l erupted which, in Nigeria, seriously affected invested money values specifically, stock values.Rather than restructuring leading to reduction in over capacity as indicated by consolidation apologists, an improvement strategy that would accommodate the resources available and expand them is advocated by internally induced consolidation apologists. The banking sub-sector in Nigeria witnessed sharp drop in credit rate to the real sector which affected return on shareholders’ fund (Adeyemi, 2007). Credit went more to foreign exchange rather than the real sectors. The capacity of real sector to generate employment weakened.The access of small and medium enterprises (SMES) and the informal sectors to credit also dwindled (Somoye, 2008; NDIC, 2008; CBN, 2008). Structuring to the economists is adapting to the demands of increasingly global markets for greater efficiencies. Sociologist always view the social impact, specifically the social problems engendered by externalities which results in social disruption especially the negative effects on level of job security, commitment, psychological well being and turnover intentions.The effect of these on organization efficiency, contrary to reformist postulation may be negative. Matanmi (2005) saw a yawning gap between the immediate or short term effects of economic reforms and the necessary ideals of job security. He concluded that the ability of reforms to create employment in the last one decade had been very few and far between. Adeyemi (2007) also agreed that banking reforms in Nigeria resulted in job loss, variance level of compensation and remuneration package for different merging groups and board room squabbles among cliques of the merging banks. . 1 Theoretical Framework Post development approach is a reaction to the dilema of development. Instead of abundance, discourse and strategies of development produce its opposite: underdevelopment and 168 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 impoverishment, untold exploitation and repression. (Sidaway 2008). The post development apologist claim that change brought about by modernity or driven by the west would always meet with disillusionment on the part of the people of developing countries. 2. 2Banking Sector Reforms in Nigeria Banking operations began in 1892 owned mainly by expatriates (Somoye, 2008). They remained however unregulated until 1952 (Fadare, 2010). There were expansions with indigenous ownership by 1950s. However, many of the banks failed between 1947 and 1952. The first regulation of banks was put in place by Banking Ordinance of 1952. This was ineffective as there was no Central Bank until 1958 to carry out supervising or control measures. Bank ownership structure shifted by 1970s with indigenization decree. This allows more Nigerian investment in the banking industry.The Nigerian enterprises promotion Decree (NEPD) limits foreign ownership of Nigerian bu sinesses to 60% in 1972 and 40% in 1976. The 1990’s reform allowed for 100% individual ownership which was a shift from existing 10% for individual ownership and 30% for corporate ownership. This led to the proliferation of banks. Banking sub sector recapitalization policy was issued out on Tuesday, July 6, 2004. Capitalization is setting the capital base upon which a player can set up and be licensed to operate banking functions. Recapitalization is setting a new capital base.The essence is to consolidate the sector to enhance competitiveness and capacity to play important role of financing investment (Somoye, 2008). Consolidation which may result in increase in bank size through merger and acquisition has the potential of increasing bank returns through increase revenue and cost efficiency gains. It may also reduce industry risks through the eliminations of weak banks and create better diversification opportunities (Furlong, 1998). Recapitalization policies set twenty five billion Naira (N25b) as the new minimum capital base for banks operating in Nigeria.The former capital base was two billion naira (N2b) and many banks could not even meet this. The objective of recapitalization is captured in the governor of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Charles Soludos words thus the banking reform is to: (1) reposition the nations banking industry for global competitiveness; (2) ensure a strong and reliable banking sector that will guarantee the safety of the depositors money; (3) play active development role in the nations’ economy; 169 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) ISSN 1857- 7431 (4) (5) make the banks less dependent on public sector fund, and be capable of financing the real sector (New Age Apri17, 2005). A time frame of eighteen months terminating in December 25, 2005 was set for prospective player to meet the capitalization line. To facilitate compliance the following carrots were offered by CB N. Banks that met the deadline shall: (1) (2) (3) (4) deal in foreign exchange; take public sector deposit; be recommended to fiscal authorities to collect public sector revenue, and; manage part of Nigeria external revenue. New Age April 12, 2005); Furtherance to this, nine billion Naira (N9b) loan write off was offered for weak banks to make them attractive for acquisition so as to protect the system, the depositors, and employees as a results of liquidation. 2. 2. 1The Need for reform: The Banking sector is one of the dominant sectors of the economy. It serves as the engine of growth for the real sector financing, Its stability and strength and consolidation will to a large extent influence other sectors.Any policies in the banking sector including its activities affect the micro-economic situation and acting as consultant with qualitative advice to the customers will drive the economy as it were. An inventory of Nigerian banks between 1994 and 2001 as revealed by Nigerian Deposi t Insurance Corporation shows that (NDIC, 2004; National Mirror 2005). (1) A total of thirty five (35) licensed banks went into distress and were eventually liquidated. Out of these, thirteen (13) were commercial banks eighteen (18) merchants and one (1) cooperative (2) The loss to depositors was two billion naira (#2. b) (3) Four thousand (4000) workers lost their job. Omeife (2005) calculated that an average of 3 banks per year was liquidated. That is spanning the period of eight years. The liquidation was as a result of in-effectiveness and inefficiency arising from (1) financial fraud, (2) insiders’ credit abuse resulting in huge non-performing credit, (3) low quality manpower, (4) inefficiency of management, (5) inaccurate reporting and non compliance with regulatory requirements(6) low aggregate credit as percentage of the GDP to the domestic 170 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 economy (20%) Idowu, 2006; Adeyemi, 2007; Cowry research, 2009). By 2005 the following were the status of the banks in terms of their standing Table 1 Category Sound Satisfactory Marginal Unsound 2001 10 6. 3 8 9 2002 13 54 13 10 2003 11 53 14 9 2004 10 51 16 10 Source: CBN reports and statement of accounts 2004 The impacts of these on the economy include the following: (1) There is sociological implication for the social nets of the sacked workers and the multiplier effects on other real sectors Social nets is the web of relationship established by an individual.In African setting, they include lots of extended family members that are dependent on such workers and which he/she in turn provides financial supports. (2) The confidence depositors have in banking system waned. (3) The economy became depressed as a result of loss of money. (4) Increased unemployment was witnessed. The loss of deposit definitely stalled other businesses and the spiral effect can only be imagined. At the announcement of the ba nking consolidation, not more than few banks could go it alone. Therefore, merger and or acquisition were necessitated..The existing eighty nine banks went through the process of merger and or acquisition, and twenty five banks eventually emerged by December 25, 2005 deadline. Table 1 shows the merged banks and their capital base. 171 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 Table 2 S/N GROUP MERGING BANKS Access bank, Marina Int’l Capital Bank Afribank, Afribank Merchant Diamond, Lion Bank Eco bank COMBINED ASSETS DEC. 2005, ‘N’ BILLION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Access Afribank Diamond Eco Bank 28. 5 29 33. 25 Over 25 25 30 29 44. 62 28 34 35 51. 7 25 31. 26 Equatorial Trust Equitorial Trust, Devcom FCMB Fidelity First Bank First Inland Guaranty Trust IBTC Chartered Intercontinental FCMB, COOP Dev. NAMB Ltd Fidelity, FSB Int’l, Manny First Bank, FBN Merchant, MBC Int’l Fi rst Atlantic, Inland, IMB Int’l NUB Int’l Guaranty Trust Bank IBTC, Regent Banks Intercontinental, Equity, Global, Gateway Nigeria Int’l Bank Nigeria Int’l Bank (City Group) Oceanic Bank Platinum Skye Oceanic Bank and International Trust Platinum Bank ; Habib Bank (Bank PHB) Prudent Bank, EIB International, Cooperative 37 Bank, Bond Bank ; Reliance Bank 17 Spring Bank CITI, ENS Inter.Bank, Guardian Express Bank, Over 25 ACB Inter Bank, Omega Bank, Fountain Trust Bank ; TRANS, International Bank. 18 19 Stanbic Bank Standard Chartered Bank Stanbic Bank Standard Chartered Bank 25 26 20 United Bank of UBA, and Standard Trust Bank Africa 50 172 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 21 Sterling Bank Magnum Trust Bank, NAL Bank, Indo-Nigeria 25 Bank ; Trust Bank of Africa. 22 Union Bank Union Bank, Union Merchant, Board Bank and 58 Universal Trust Bank 23 24 25 Unity Bank WEMA Bank Zenith Bank W EMA ; National Bank Zenith 0 26. 2 38 Sources: Compiled from CBN Press Release (3/1/06), Financial Standards (16/1/06), and the Comet (3/1/06). 2. 3 Post Consolidation The Nigeria society woke up by August 14, 2009 to find out that the banks were not stable after all. The Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) intervened again purportedly to save the banking industry from imminent collapse. Five Banks were identified for rescue as a result of poor capital adequacy, high risk assets poor corporate governance tending towards CEOs corruption; erosion of share holders fund, high liquidity ratio and credit crises.Whereas the twenty five (25) banks that passed the recapitalization test were declared sound in 2005, by 2006, ten (10) were declared sound, five (5) satisfactory five (5) as marginal and five (5) unsound (CBN, 2006). Corporate governance crises, sharp practices, and corruption were also alleged. Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) was set up to manage the toxic debt or non p erforming loan (NPL) of ten (10) unsound banks. About N680b was injected into these banks and then top executive changed. As at 2011, three of the banks were nigerianized and their names changed.This suggests the inability of consolidation to ensure risk control, transparency and accountability among many of the banks. Two other banks intercontinental and oceanic were acquired by Access bank and Ecobank respectively by 2010. 3. 0 The Effects of Banking Sector Consolidation on labor and the Economy Banking sector consolidation through recapitalization, has these attendant economic benefits (1) The process of recapitalization and the consequent merger and or acquisition engendered many of the banks to get registered with the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) and therefore get listed (publicly quoted).Ownership of the banks became widened and public. Many Nigerians can now own some stakes in the banking sector rather than private ownership that 173 European Scientific Journal May edition v ol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 were the pictures of many banks pre consolidation era. This demands that the various boards become more responsive and alive to their responsibilities. (2) Banks were able to shore up their shares, boosting both individual and corporate investments. Locally and internationally; about $652million of foreign direct investment (FDI) was attracted (Fadare, 2010). 3) Banking restructuring and strategy that are information and communication technology (ICT) driven; a shift from the manual to automated systems involving the use of various e-banking and e-payment systems. There has been users’ acceptance of this because of their convenience, time savings and they also meet transaction needs (Adesina and Ayo, 2010). It has also led to the flexibility of business on the part of the banks. (4) Enhanced customer relationships through creation of facilities and instruments that enable easy banking.Intending customers can ope rate their accounts through telephone 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and even on public Holidays (GT Bank 2006/2007 Interim Reports) (5) Best practice which have earned some of the banks conferment of the International Standard Organization (ISO) 9001: 2000 certification award by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) (6) The waned confidence of the public in the banking sector is changing for the positive as shown in the average deposit rise post consolidation from 10,482. 36b Naira in 2004 to 188,478. b Naira in 2006. (See table 3). Table 3 Pre and post consolidation performance of the Nigerian Banks Macroeconomic indications N’m2004a N’m2005b N’m2006b % charge measure/decrease (-) or differences (D) (+) Average deposit (N’m) Average networth (N’m) 10,482. 36 7,708. 73 85,007. 13 19708. 88 445,008. 9 18,478. 55 38,831. 31 525,482. 0 27. 82 +1690. 0500 +403. 73% +68. 87% Credit to the private sector 311,646. 8 to private sector growth rate 26. 6 174 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431Return on equity % Assets utilization % 35. 28 33. 62 30. 8 12. 72 11. 2 11. 04 +0. 18 (D) 24. 16 (D) Source: CBN 2006 Publication Somoye, 2008 (7) Real sector -financing especially the financing of small and medium scales enterprise (SMEs) GTBank for instance sets aside #2. b for this purpose, though this is not adequate. (8) Competitiveness: Narrowing down the numbers of the existing bank evokes creativity, innovativeness service delivery, creating strategy to make the banks stay afloat in the competitive environment. The net-worth of banks grew by +403. 3% between 2004 to 2006 (see table 3 above). (9) Banking performance are also gaining the confidence of the regulatory agency as some of the banks are concluding arrangement to manage Nigeria external reserves (Idowu, 2006). (10) Banking culture is gradually expanding all over the country as the banks are expanding their point of presence. The cashless culture that will become a culture in 2013 will further reinforce this. 4. 0 Banking Consolidation: Challenges The process of recapitalization and post consolidation in Nigeria brought along its trail erger and acquisition. The following become unresolved issues. The issues can be categorized as pre and post consolidation. 4. 1 Pre-Consolidation (1) Unemployment: Rationalization during merger created unemployment. While it was not possible to confirm the number of workers disengaged as a result of the exercise (as at the time of writing this paper), the unconfirmed number has been said to be high. It is not possible though to have two Chairmen or two Managing Directors, etc,, It has not been however proved that banking sector had been adequately staffed.Efforts could be made to retrain workers for other challenges. The disengaged workers are burdens to the society, lowers national productivity, increased poverty, stress, and other psychological problems (Idowu, 2006). (2) Reneging on Collective Agreements: Many banks managements reneged on their collective agreement with the Unions. First Bank of Nigeria (FBN) for instance, sacked 1200 175 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 workers (New Age April 7, 2005).The Association of Banks, Insurance and Financial Institution (ASSBIFI) reacted by accusing the management of being insensitive and confrontational to organized labor in the country through its inconsistencies. It also accused the management of not consulting with it in line with earlier agreement on declaring redundancy. Also, the merger arising from UBA and Standard Trust promised that no members of the two banks would be retrenched. This has not been so. Many Higher National Diploma HND holders and contract staff had not been given full employment. 3) Diversity issues: The gulf between Higher National Diploma (HND) and Bachelors Degree holders rear ed its head. The HND holders were the first to be rationalized at the conclusion of the merger exercise. This has no regard for performance level of the individuals, and all other factors besides educational background that account for individual performance; factors like reward system, organization structure, organization supports (adequate tools, motivation and leadership styles).The society suffers as the pool of unemployment widened. Admission seeking into Polytechnics nosedived. Sectoral allocation to this sub sector also becomes a waste (Idowu, 2006). 4. 2 Post Consolidation (1) Perceptions of uncertainty and insecurity of tenure pervade banking landscape among the workers. This is because rationalization exercise is still on. The consequence of this is less commitment and higher propensity to quit. Many workers have already changed jobs to other sectors due to this factor.The fraud in Nigeria banks had been correlated with high level of job insecurity Omoife (2012) found that disengaged workers vent their anger on the banks using their knowledge of the workings of the banking hall to defraud banks The fraud ran into N189b. This would go a long way in capacity building and loan to real sector which can lead to employment generation and expansion. (2) Unethical/Moral questions at both the pre and post merger era, some banks engaged unqualified and inexperienced young ladies as marketers to woo big clients so as to meet the 25 billion Naira target and to shore up their capital base.Targets were given and management looked the other way not minding how these targets were met The marketers were given near impossible targets to meet Not meeting target led to job loss. The female workers were therefore exposed to sexual harassment, and all other marketers, to other unethical behaviors. This negates International Labor Organisation (ILO) advocacy for decent employment 176 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 3) Disillusionment: arising as a result of differentials in reward package and treatment for similar status and different merging groups, uncertainty of tenure, different career path for seemingly similar educational qualification, prejudices and biases expressed by the management of some of the banks against some groups (merging banks, educational: HND/Bachelors, Federal/ State universities. (4) Decent Employment: A report that has not been officially confirmed is the fact that some banks management asked HND holders to resign and reapply with their National Diploma (ND) qualification.As well, those that attained Bachelors degree or professional certificate are to re apply, serve probationary period in spite of the number of years that had been spent with the banks or the status of such individual. This is also in spite of the glass ceiling on the career path of HND or those possessing lower qualifications. Furthermore, the process of disengaging the workers were at best, immodest. Option of resigning or get retrenched: whichever becomes the lot of the workers, there were complaints of inadequate severance benefits if there was any paid.This is demeaning having no regard for best practice The consequences of all these include: I. II. III. IV. Labor has become cheapened Unions become weakened Career opportunity slowed down and Perhaps the banks gained and labor and society lost. (5). Corporate Governance Crisis Goje (2010) suggested that the weakness experienced by banking sector as regard corporate governance (CA) arrangement may have led to the current state whereby banks cannot safeguard against excessive risk taking. Recapitalization regime exposed the banks to non performing loans (NPL) and margin loan (ML) to the tune of N2. trullion Naira. The non performing loan (NPL) of some of the banks exceeded their Shareholders Funds (SHF). Eight of the banks Capital Adequacy (CA) was less than 10% and their Deposit Ratio (DR) were less than 25% (E topidiok, 2009). The diversion of deposits to foreign exchange trading including the transatlantic mortgage and financial crises led to loss of share holders fund values as many banks had to readjust shareholders stock as depicted in table 4. Table 4 177 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) ISSN 1857- 7431 INSURED BANKS’ ADJUSTED SHAREHOLDERS’ FUNDS AS AT DECEMBER, 2009 AND 2008 S/N BANKS SHAREHOLDERS’ SHAREHOLDERS’ FUND* (N’BILLION) FUND* (N’BILLION) 2008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Access Bank Nig. Plc Afribank Nigeria Plc Bank PHB Plc Citibank Nigeria Ltd Diamond Bank Plc Ecobank Nigeria Plc Equitorial Trust Bank Ltd Fidelity Bank Plc Finbank Plc First Bank of Nig. Plc First City Monument Bank Plc Guaranty Trust Bank Plc Intercontinental Bank Plc Oceanic Bank International Plc Skye Bank PlcSpring Bank Plc Stanbic IBTC Bank Plc Standard Chartered Bank Ltd Sterling Bank Plc Union Bank Plc United Bank for Africa Plc Unity Bank Plc Wema Bank Plc Zenith Bank Plc Total 167. 22 127. 38 243. 24 29. 40 95. 64 43. 45 32. 38 129. 55 112. 86 315. 75 137. 66 130. 03 195. 58 211. 52 96. 55 (48. 68) 67. 22 28. 47 20. 58 115. 93 191. 44 16. 94 26. 68 313. 39 2,802. 18 2009 154. 30 (221. 69) (126. 84) 31. 68 98. 31 26. 02 (46. 95) 129. 99 (123. 70) 293. 89 132. 17 141. 82 (336. 35) (192. 20) 79. 56 (94. 08) 74. 61 29. 66 20. 14 (38. 56) 114. 8 (4. 06) (3. 22) 310. 99 448. 99 178 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 Source: NDIC Adjusted Shareholders’ Fund (Bank returns) The Apex Bank Code of Corporate Governance (CCG) set in 2006 and which was mandatory for all banks in the post consolidation era to comply with could not address insider trading, ineffective risk management and control. This accounted for the NPL crisis and therefore necessitated the establishment of Asset M anagement Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON).The CBN also injected N608b and provided technical assistance by replacing the so called incapable Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Executive Director ED of 8 banks with new ones. The corporate governance crises also accounted for percentage decrees in return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) over the post consolidation years compare to pre consolidation as table 5 illustrates. Table 5 Pre and Post 2006 Recapitalization, Performance Evaluation Ratio for Nigeria Banks. Pre-recapitalization 2002 Net Interest Margin 11. 16 2003 14. 88 2004 9. 12 Post-recapitalization 2006 10. 7 2007 7. 71 2008 10. 21 (NM)% Yields (YEA)% Funding Return (ROE)% Return (ROE)% Source: NDIC Annual Report, Various Issues The return on equity (ROE) measuring the rate of return to shareholders that was 99. 45% in 2004 (pre-consolidation) fell to 27. 23% by 2008. Also, return on assets (ROA) that stood at 3. 9% pre consolidation (2004) reduced to 2. 58% by 200 8. This confirms post modernist/post development postulation that modernity like restructuring/reforms does not bring about organisational efficiency or capacity management loss of investment cannot lead to creation of employment.Also the purported over capacity of resources like labor that were eliminated does 179 on Assets 17. 55 4. 64 4. 62 27. 55 20. 32 18. 88 Cost on (FC)% 8. 09 Equity 86. 08 9. 42 00. 59 9. 47 99. 45 13. 05 41. 63 9. 63 29. 11 9. 66 27. 23 on Assets 4. 52 4. 13 3. 96 2. 63 2. 00 2. 58 European Scientific Journal May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 not corroborate the result pre-consolidation. Rather disillusionment, inefficiency still pervade banking sub-sector. 5. 0 Conclusion and Recommendation The banking sector is very crucial to economic growth.The consolidation period however reveal sharp practices against labor and society which would not benefit; the society and the labor but the banks themselves in terms of po sting huge profits: Organizations like banks always pay lip service to placing premium or value on their workers as usually reported in their annual reports. Human resource practices pre and post recapitalization regime does not confirm that their workers are their assets. Banking sector recapitalization carne with double edge: benefits and constraints on the economy, the people and the society.While the banks have achieved some efficiency in terms of its operations, treatment of men at work will further deepen unemployment, lead to disillusionment, uncertainty, job dissatisfaction and quitting. The Nigerian economy is still depressed. The Gross domestic products took a downward turn growing by 2. 5% in 2000 compared to 6. 9% in 2005 and further went down in 2009 and 2010 (GT bank 2006). Alo (2006) quoted wall street journal and Heritage foundation as rating Nigeria economy as worse of in August 2006 than it was the previous year and described it as repressed measured on index of Ec onomic Freedom.The rating for 2011 is no better. Nigeria ranked 106 and scored 56. 8% on index of economic freedom for 2010 and therefore grouped as unfree, unlike in the pre consolidation era. To be free means improvement in the overall quality of life and promotion of social and economic life (index of Economic Freedom, 2011). There is the need to manage people well if the objectives of recapitalization are to be met in concrete terms. Recommendations: A lot needs to be done and the following are recommended 1. Institutional machinery should be put in place to address the issue of undervaluing, under utilization of workers.Training and retraining of existing employees to improve their capacity for new demand rather than retrenchment is advocated. The banks’ net-worth and profit after tax had increased geometrically (see table 3). The capacity to employ, train and retain more workers and therefore expand employment should not be a constraint as 180 European Scientific Journa l May edition vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857- 7431 expansion of branches to new areas is ongoing and new facilities and instruments are also continually being introduced. 2.The federal government and its banking regulatory agencies should do more to ensure creation of employment. In a situation where institutional framework will lead to rationalization, efforts should be made to follow due process, retrain people to retain them in other capacities rather than worsen the unemployment problem. 3. Diversity management should be a best practice and this should be included by standard organization of Nigeria (ISON) in conferment of ISO award. Diversity management is a process by which the diverse elements in organization are enabled to release their potential in organizational attainment of goals.This involves valuing and rewarding people for what they are: race, sex, educational background personality disposition and ethnicity. While the presidency made proc lamation on HND/Bachelors dichotomy in 2006, legal framework and moral persuasions should be pursued to make organization embrace diversity management as best practices. 4. The best practice principle demands that banking organization in Nigeria should place value on their workers, manage them strategically to release their energy for accomplishment of organizational goals. 5.Regulatory bodies should put in place periodic monitoring to ensure compliance with code of corporate governance by banks. Stress test on banks by the CBN should be more frequent and periodic. 6. Credit to real sectors – Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs), manufacturing and agriculture to take the largest share of loan. This can lead to expansion of capacity utilization and ultimately employment generation and expansion

50 Synonyms for Assistant

50 Synonyms for Assistant 50 Synonyms for Assistant 50 Synonyms for Assistant By Mark Nichol A number of words- many precise in meaning, as well as colorful and/or pejorative- exist to assist you in describing someone who works below another person. Here are fifty synonyms for assistant. 1. accomplice: an assistant, especially in the commission of a crime 2. adjunct: an assistant or associate (also, a short-term or junior faculty member, or something added or joined to another) 3. adjutant: a military officer who is an assistant and secretary to a superior officer 4. aide: an assistant, often in a military or political context (sometimes misspelled aid) 5. aide-de-camp: a military officer who is an assistant to a superior officer 6. apprentice: an assistant training to master a skill 7. attendant: an assistant or servant, or an employee who helps customers (also, someone who attends an event, or something that accompanies something else) 8. auxiliary: a member of a foreign military unit fighting alongside military units of another nation (also, a Catholic bishop subordinate to and not entitled to succeed the bishop of a diocese) 9. coadjutor: an assistant (also, a Catholic bishop subordinate to and often a successor to the bishop of a diocese) 10. cog: an assistant who is one of many or who has a minor role in a company or organization 11. deputy: a substitute or second in command (also, a member of a lower house of a legislative body) 12. domestic: a household servant 13. employee: someone who works for someone else or for a company or organization for pay; also spelled employe 14. factotum: a servant with multiple responsibilities (also, anyone with multiple responsibilities) 15. flunky: a person who performs various small tasks for an important or powerful person; also spelled flunkey and flunkie (also refers to a sycophant) 16. follower: someone in the service of another person 17. gofer: someone who performs errands or other simple tasks for another person (from â€Å"go for†) 18.–19. handmaiden: a female maid or servant; also handmaid (also, something inanimate that exists to assist or serve) 20. help: an employee or helper; often used collectively (â€Å"the help†) 21. helper: an assistant, especially an unskilled laborer who assists a skilled worker 22.–23. helpmate: an assistant who also serves as a companion, or a wife; also helpmeet 24. henchman: a trusted assistant (often used colloquially for a politician’s aide), or a subordinate member of a gang (originally, a page or squire to a nobleman) 25. hireling: someone paid to do an unpleasant or illicit task 26. lackey: a person who performs menial or unpleasant work for another (originally a footman or a general servant; also refers to a sycophant) 27. legman: someone who gathers information and/or runs errands for another person 28. lieutenant: someone who assists and/or substitutes for another person (also, a specific military rank or role) 29–30. maid/maidservant: someone who cleans and performs other tasks for another person (maid also refers to an unmarried girl or woman) 31–33. man Friday: a devoted, efficient assistant; also â€Å"girl Friday† or â€Å"gal Friday† (from the character named Friday in Robinson Crusoe) 34. mate: an assistant to a more skilled person (also various other meanings) 35. menial: a person who does boring or unpleasant work for another person 36. minion: someone who obeys another person 37. number two: a person immediately subordinate to a leader (from military slang) 38. personal assistant: someone who assists another person by performing tasks and running errands 39. retainer: a person who assists in a household 40. right hand: a key assistant 41. second-in-command: a person immediately subordinate to a leader (from military usage) 42. scullion: a kitchen servant 43. second: an assistant, especially to a boxer or a duelist (also various other meanings) 44. second fiddle: someone in a supporting role or with subordinate responsibilities (from an informal reference to the violinist who sits next to the principal violinist in a music ensemble) 45. servant: someone who assists another person in that person’s home, often by cleaning and/or cooking 46. sidekick: someone who assists another person; traditionally refers to an assistant and companion to a heroic character 47. steward: someone who manages someone else’s household and/or property (also, someone who provides food and drinks in an institution or on a vehicle or vessel, or who manages finances or carries out other administrative duties) 48. subordinate: someone who works below someone else 49. swamper: a handyman or helper (also someone inhabiting or familiar with a swampy area) 50. underling: a low-ranking person who works for someone more powerful Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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